A virus spread by tiny insects is on the rise in Brazil and Cuba. Here’s how to protect yourself

A virus spread by tiny insects is on the rise in Brazil and Cuba. Here’s how to protect yourself

Canadians flying to popular locales like Cuba are being warned to take precautions against insects that spread the rare and potentially deadly Oropouche virus, also called Oropouche fever.

This week, U.S. officials announced 21 cases of Oropouche virus disease among travellers returning from Cuba as of Aug. 16. Most got better without treatment, while three patients recovered after hospitalization.

The virus is most commonly spread through bites from some types of midges (and some mosquitoes) that are not found in Canada. 

But doctors here are asked to watch for infections in returning travellers. While Oropouche virus disease has previously been found to circulate in Central and South America as well as in the Caribbean, this year’s cases have been higher than expected, with human infections reported in places they haven’t been detected before, in new areas of Brazil, Bolivia and Cuba.

It’s unclear how the virus impacts the health of a fetus, and precautions are recommended during pregnancy. 

“It’s generally historically been reported as fairly mild, but with some of this emerging data around neurologic complications and even fatality — it’s something that needs to be watched,” said Dr. Zain Chagla, an infectious diseases physician and associate professor of medicine at McMaster University who has tropical medicine training.

“These are areas of the world where Canadians visit, and even though there’s not local circulation [in mosquitoes], it still means that travellers are going to have to be assessed for this as they return,” Chagla said.

Here’s a look at the illness that’s sparked updated travel health alerts in Canada, the U.S. and Europe.

What is Oropouche virus?

Oropouche virus is endemic or naturally occurring in forested tropical areas. It was first identified in 1955 on the island of Trinidad and takes its name from a nearby village and wetlands.

It has sometimes been called sloth fever, since it was first detected in Brazil from a blood sample taken from the animal.

How does it spread?

The Oropouche virus is mainly spread through the bite of a tiny fly known as a midge, often called “no-see-ums,” as well as some types of mosquitoes.

“While the species of midge (Culicoides paraensis) and mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) that are known to transmit Oropouche virus disease are not known to be established in Canada, they have been detected in the United States,” the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) said in response to questions from CBC News.

Scientists say high temperatures, humidity and the season affect the midge populations.

Human-to-human transmission hasn’t been documented.

What are the symptoms?

The flu-like symptoms resemble those of other tropical diseases such as dengue fever and the Zika virus that made headlines in 2015. A large Zika outbreak in Brazil caused a rise in microcephaly, where the baby’s brain is underdeveloped, according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). 

“It’s sudden fever, headache that is unfortunately resistant to many of the treatments, [as well as] muscle pain, joint pain,” said Andrea Vicari, who heads PAHO’s unit for pandemic preparedness and response. 

“It can be quite a painful disease, but it’s usually self-limiting.”

Other symptoms can include sensitivity to light, dizziness, pain behind the eyes, nausea, vomiting and rashes, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Symptoms typically last less than a week, but can often reoccur days or weeks later, with most people recovering within days to a month.

“Oropouche fever can be mistaken for dengue,” Canada’s travel health notice flagged.

How severe is it?

About 60 per cent of people infected with Oropouche virus show symptoms, the CDC said.

The U.S. agency estimates one in 20 patients can suffer more severe symptoms like bleeding and brain inflammation such as meningitis and encephalitis.

In July, Brazilian health officials reported two deaths of otherwise healthy non-pregnant women with the infection.

The World Health Organization said they were the first fatal cases due to the infection in Brazil and the Americas region. 

As of July 20, the WHO has reported more than 8,000 confirmed Oropouche cases this year, including more than 7,200 in Brazil as well as Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Cuba.

Brazilian authorities also reported five cases in pregnant people, with evidence the virus was transmitted to the fetus, with effects including fetal death or abnormalities at birth, including microcephaly.

“Until more evidence is available, pregnant people travelling to affected destinations are advised to strictly follow the bug bite prevention recommendations,” a PHAC spokesperson said.

“Pregnant people should discuss the risks of their travel plans with their health-care provider and should go see their health-care provider if they are not feeling well after their trip.”

How is it treated and prevented?

There are no vaccines to prevent infections and no specific medicines available to treat the symptoms of Oropouche virus.

The best way to avoid the infection is to not get bitten in the first place.

To that end, federal officials advise consulting a health-care provider or visiting a travel health clinic, preferably at least six weeks before you travel, for personalized health advice and recommendations.

During a trip, people are advised to prevent insect bites at all times by:

• Always use an approved insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin. For best results, read and follow all label directions.
• Consider limiting outdoor activities when midges and mosquitoes are most active.
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothing made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester. Wear long pants and tucked-in long-sleeved shirts with closed-toe shoes or boots and a hat.
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping (day or night) outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed.
• Consider wearing approved insecticide-treated clothing.

What’s next?

U.S. and Canadian officials said they’re working to enable rapid detection and surveillance of the virus and disease to guide public health prevention measures.

All samples of suspected Oropouche virus disease from provincial and territorial laboratories would be sent to PHAC’s National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg for confirmatory tests.

Published at Fri, 30 Aug 2024 08:00:00 +0000

As anger erupts in Kursk, Putin plays down Ukrainian offensive

On the streets of the western Russian city of Kursk, dozens of concrete bomb shelters are being installed at bus stops, parks and squares as air raid sirens now routinely ring out. 

For two and a half years, the region of Kursk found itself mostly out of reach from the war zone, but that changed when Ukrainian forces pushed over the border earlier this month, dramatically thrusting the front line into Russia, forcing tens of thousands to flee their homes. 

“There are still quite a large number of people left in the occupied territories, mostly elderly people,” said Maria Skrob, who spoke to CBC News over a social media messaging app from the city of Kursk. 

“Unfortunately, we can’t go everywhere, many villages are completely inaccessible to us due to drones, and constant shelling.”

According to Russian officials, there were just over 150,000 people in border areas that needed to be evacuated, and as of Aug. 22, which is when it appears they provided the last public update, 133,000 had already been moved or left on their own. 

Skrob is volunteering along with 30 others to help evacuate people from areas closer to the front line and chose to speak to the media because she felt some Russians were vilifying the locals online, accusing them of abandoning the countrymen who were left behind.

On social media, it is easy to find angry posts from people criticising the local authorities, for not notifying residents early enough about the unfolding emergency, nor organising evacuations.

Other groups reveal desperate family members whose conscripted sons, some as young as 18, have been missing since Aug. 6, when Ukrainian forces launched the surprise attack. 

But while emotions are bubbling up in Kursk, Russian political observers doubt that the situation will translate into any significant pressure on President Vladimir Putin, who is trying to minimize the consequences of Ukraine’s incursion and distance himself from it. Experts believe he will spin it in an attempt to justify his decision to launch the war in the first place.

Lightning offensive

Ukraine’s president said the surprise attack into Kursk was meant to help Ukraine “restore justice.”

The military has seized more than 1,200 square km of the region and dozens of settlements, many of which are reportedly now without power or electricity.  

“People did not expect that everything would happen so abruptly,” said Sudya Grom, a man who lives near Kursk and spoke with CBC through a social media platform.

“No one knows when it will end and will our relatives survive.”

His wife’s parents were trapped in the village of Snagnost, which lies about 15 km from the Ukrainian border. 

He said they were sheltering in the basement with no phone service and blamed officials for doing “nothing” to help get them out. 

“It is very dangerous because there are clashes,” Grom wrote. 

“The only hope is for some green corridors for civilians.”

Russian officials have said that more than 30 civilians have been killed in Kursk so far, but there has been no mention of military deaths, including young conscripts who had been stationed in the area as part of their mandatory service.

Conscripts in combat 

Under Russian law, conscripts are not supposed to be deployed to fight outside of the country, but many were stationed in the Kursk region before the attack. Families fear others will be deployed to border areas as Russia’s security service has enacted “anti-terrorism” measures in three Russian regions that border Ukraine.

The measures which give authorities sweeping powers were instituted on Aug. 10, which is when Ivan Chuvilyaev started seeing a big increase in messages from concerned relatives contacting his organization for advice. 

Chuvilyaev, who left Russia in 2022 because he was against the war, works for a Georgian based non-profit called Go by the Forest which helps Russian men avoid conscription. 

He told CBC news that his group has received 150 appeals from men and their families who are trying to avoid being sent into Kursk

He has heard of conscripts being sent into the region from St. Petersburg, Moscow and even Siberia. 

On social media, mothers have posted pleas and made videos looking for their sons including a mother who said she was “begging” the Ministry of Defence to “withdraw all conscripts from the combat zone.”

“Don’t kill our kids. Give them back to us,” she said in her emotional video appeal.

CBC News recently spoke to some Russian conscripts who were captured and imprisoned in the Kharkiv region. The men recounted having very little training before the attack. 

When the Kremlin spokesperson was asked about reports of conscripts being sent to Kursk, and forced to sign military contracts, Dmitry Peskov called the claims “an absolute distortion of reality” and refused to comment further. 

Putin’s response

Putin has  described Ukraine’s offensive as an attempt “with the help of its Western masters” to improve its position ahead of possible negotiations.

On Aug. 12, he vowed a “worthy response,” but has said little in the wake of the first invasion of Russian territory since the Second World War.

Ten days later during a televised briefing with officials from the border regions, he said any problems with security issues “are the responsibility of the security agencies.”

During the 45-minute meeting, officials detailed the humanitarian assistance that had been set up to help evacuees, along with how government aid would be paid out to residents. 

There was no talk about people trapped in their homes, unable to leave. 

“The reaction was absolutely usual,” said Tatiana Stanovaya, a Russian political scientist and founder of the firm R. Politik. 

“Each time the Russian authorities try to downplay the significance of a situation and to diminish its importance.”

She said that was the same tactic used when Crimea is repeatedly hit by missiles and drones. 

Unlikely political repercussions 

Stanovaya says while there is a lot of anger in Kursk, she thinks it is unlikely to translate into an anti-Putin movement, as people are also angry at local officials, Ukraine, and NATO. 

She says across the country, people seem to be more anxious about the mobilization drive in the fall of 2022 than this incursion. 

Apart from the Kursk region, she says life in Russia continues, and the attack doesn’t really affect day-to-day life. 

“I don’t think there will be significant consequences politically,” she said in a phone interview with CBC News. 

“It is embarrassing but it is not decisive for the course of the war.”

She believes that Russia hasn’t responded more forcibly to the Ukrainian attack because its military is stretched across the sprawling frontline, and it remains focused on seizing more territory in Donetsk, where Russian forces are advancing toward the strategic city of Pokvrovsk. 

“Putin sees this incursion as a trap, which is aimed to distract Russia from its main offensive. He doesn’t want to fall into this trap and he will not.”

Published at Thu, 29 Aug 2024 18:09:03 +0000